Wednesday, August 29, 2018
All About Kelsey
My name is Kelsey and I am a junior. Here are three fun facts about me!
1. One of my biggest goals in life is to become a pediatric rheumatologist- because I love working with children and I want a career that combines biology with helping other people!
2. My birthday is on Christmas day! (I know what you're thinking- and yes, sometimes I do get combined presents).
3. My dog is from Taiwan! She flew in to San Francisco when she was 7 months old and we met her for the first time at the airport. She's 5 years old now.
Hi! I'm Sophie!
Hi, my name is Sophie Kates and I am a junior at Notre Dame. I am so excited to be taking AP biology becuase I have been interested in biology for a long time. Here are some fun facts about me.
1. My love for biology and crime shows has inspired me to want to become a forensic pathologist. If you want to read a good book about forensic pathology read Working Stiff by Judy Melinek.
2. I LOVE dogs and am looking forward to getting an Italian water dog puppy around Thanksgiving time. I also have an 11 year old bolognese named Samson and a 1 year old Italian water dog named Hudson.
3. My biggest passion (other than dogs) is the outdoors. I love to hike, camp, and most of all backpack. I go on a backpacking trip every summer, and this past summer I completed my first trip backpacking for 3 straight weeks!
Hello! I'm Isa!
Hi, I'm Isa Lopez, I'm a senior at Notre Dame and I really like science and am excited for AP Bio!
Some fun facts about me are:
- I love biology, learning about the human body and the way it works, and I want to be a doctor
- I love to dance, I have been dancing since I was 3, and I love to sing, participate in musicals and listen to music
- sub-fun fact: I really like learning the dances to the songs I listen to and choreographing to other songs for fun
- I have very few pictures of myself so this picture took me a long time to find!
- another sub-fun fact: I took this picture in Canada (I'm not sure you can see, but it says "The Canadian Trail" on the sign behind me :)
This is Esther !!!!!
- I did 8 years of synchronized swimming through elementary school to middle school. The picture below is the one that my coach took for me during the practice. Synchronized swimming is asking for many techniques like flexibility, swimming, and even the rhythm sensation, and also this sport needs group work and cooperation.
- I love to travel around the world. This is the picture that I took last year during the intercession with the school to go to France. Love Europe!!!!Especially the structure of the building.
- I went to the summer program this summer in New York, which is about the environmental science, urban planning. Working with different people from different places made me feel amazing. This is the picture that we took in the Garden with some compost pile.
Sophia Loves Pineapple!
All About Sophia:))
Hi everyone! My name is Sophia, and I am a junior at NDB. I love biology more than anything, and I am super excited to be taking AP Bio this year. Here are a few fun facts about me!
1. I have loved biological science since I was five when my dad took me to see the bacteria and viral exhibit at Coyote Point! I want to become a pathologist or cardiovascular surgeon.
2. I love performing in musicals and singing in general! I actually have an American Idol audition coming up in October!
3. I am obsessed with eating frozen pineapple microwaved for 30 seconds. Something about the texture is addictive. But here's the catch: I am slightly allergic to pineapple!!
Link to my AP Bio Blog: https://sophialuvsbio.wordpress.com
Hi! this is Amber!
Hi! This is Amber! I am currently a senior at Notre Dame High School Belmont. Studying AP Biology with our awesome classmates, I cannot wait to tell you some interesting things about me!
1), I love playing Pipa, one traditional music instrument, on my spare time. The picture above is token when I was playing it on Chinese day Ceremony. I love Chinese culture and willing to spread our awesome culture with the NDB community!
2), I want to be a video game designer in the future, which is related with Computer science, informatics and artistic design. Since AP Biology involves Chemistry, Environmental science and of course Biology, I hope that taking this class would give me a brief idea of how multidisciplines works.
3), My favorite ice cream flavor is green tea!
1), I love playing Pipa, one traditional music instrument, on my spare time. The picture above is token when I was playing it on Chinese day Ceremony. I love Chinese culture and willing to spread our awesome culture with the NDB community!
2), I want to be a video game designer in the future, which is related with Computer science, informatics and artistic design. Since AP Biology involves Chemistry, Environmental science and of course Biology, I hope that taking this class would give me a brief idea of how multidisciplines works.
3), My favorite ice cream flavor is green tea!
All About Avani!

Hi! My name is Avani, and I'm a senior at Notre Dame. I am so excited to be taking AP Bio this year. Here are a few fun facts about me!
1) I love the sciences though I am not completely sure what specific career. I know that I love everything about the human body, and the never ending complicated workings designed for specific jobs to keep us alive
2) I love golf and have been playing since I was 9 years old. I was number one as a Freshman on the Varsity Girls Golf team. I also qualified for CCS last year.
3) I have two younger sisters who are definetly a handful, yet my life is never dull with them!
Thursday, May 3, 2018
Julia Meints- Cadaver Lab
Going on a field trip to the cadaver lab located in a local college was definitely unlike any other experience I’ve ever had. I had no idea what it would be like or how I would react. Throughout my high school, and even middle school career, I have dissected various organisms including two fetal pigs, which I was relatively comfortable with. This said, I did not know how I would react to a human body in this state. I had sort of the same apprehension with the Body Worldsexhibit I visited earlier in the year, but once I remembered why the exhibit was held and what kind of contribution those people made to science, I felt more comfortable and appreciative of the opportunity.
The trip began with us going to a brain station, which was amazing. We got to hold a human brain as the supervisor of the trip guided us through all the different parts and functions of the brain. I did not expect a human brain to be so heavy, which made
holding it an interesting experience. After the trip a few of us asked why our brains do not feel that heavy inside our heads, especially with our entire head structure including many bones attached. The reason is that our neck muscles are actually incredibly strong. This was interesting to me since I had not realized my neck was actually that strong. I then began to think about all the stress we as humans carry in our necks and shoulders and if there is a limit to how much tension we can carry there. Additionally, if our neck and shoulder muscles need to support such heavy and important objects, why does the stress and tension decide to collect there instead of somewhere else that does not work as hard? I understand that everyone carries their stress in different areas, but the neck and shoulders seem to be a very common area and also a potentially more dangerous area to accumulate stress. There must be some sort of logic behind how stress and tension is carried in our bodies and some kind of limit to how much we can take. Hopefully I’ll find the answers to these curious questions soon!
holding it an interesting experience. After the trip a few of us asked why our brains do not feel that heavy inside our heads, especially with our entire head structure including many bones attached. The reason is that our neck muscles are actually incredibly strong. This was interesting to me since I had not realized my neck was actually that strong. I then began to think about all the stress we as humans carry in our necks and shoulders and if there is a limit to how much tension we can carry there. Additionally, if our neck and shoulder muscles need to support such heavy and important objects, why does the stress and tension decide to collect there instead of somewhere else that does not work as hard? I understand that everyone carries their stress in different areas, but the neck and shoulders seem to be a very common area and also a potentially more dangerous area to accumulate stress. There must be some sort of logic behind how stress and tension is carried in our bodies and some kind of limit to how much we can take. Hopefully I’ll find the answers to these curious questions soon!
We then entered the room with the cadavers already dissected and ready for us to observe. I then fully understood the importance of these people dedicating their bodies to science. Seeing and being able to respectfully touch all the organs we had been learning about in class was definitely a very valuable learning experience unlike the ones we had gotten through the textbooks or many diagrams we had been studying. Personally, by observing these bodies I immediately had a better understanding of how our body systems work and what the inside of our bodies actually look like. I feel that this also provided a sort of “putting a face to a name” experience but with organs, body systems, and their functions. Overall, I learned an immense amount from visiting the lab and by just looking at the bodies, making this an extremely valuable experience that I will appreciate and never forget.
Works Cited:
“SEER Training:Muscles of the Head and Neck.” SEER Training:Bone Development & Growth, NIH, www.training.seer.cancer.gov/anatomy/muscular/groups/head_neck.html.
Wednesday, April 25, 2018
Save the Bay!
Save the Bay!
Wow! What an amazing field trip to Palo Alto Baylands Nature Preserve. Today my class and I went on a field trip to the Baylands Nature Preserve, which has been partners with Save the Bay for decades now. Our mission while at the nature preserve was to assist the Save the Bay team with determining the biodiversity, soil moisture, salinity, and pH of the restored area. Our AP Biology group was coordinated to help preview the restoration that the Save the Bay organization has so far amassed, while the Environmental Science group yesterday worked with the unrestored area (progress) of the preserve. I was so excited to work with the restored area and observe the many both invasive and native species that have grown along the marshland. It is also important to remember the variety of benefits that wetlands provide for our ecosystems and community such as: clean water, curbing of global warming, habitat for endangered species, protecting communities from flood water areas etc.


Nonetheless! What an awesome field trip, and I cannot believe the amount of species I learned about today, the many varieties we have in our own California backyard, and the importance of protecting this wildlife. I would definitely recommend this field trip to anyone interested in botany or even simply, ecological exploration/earth cultivation. For future field trip-goers, I would recommend to wear very sturdy shoes as the marshes are primarily on steep hills that then dip into marsh “valleys”. Also, for next time, if the equipment was fully charged and slightly more advanced then maybe our signals and results could be pinpointed exactly. But otherwise, I encourage everyone to venture to the Palo Alto Nature Preserve and don’t be afraid to dig your hands into the beautiful soil and plants that our great Earth provides!
Did you know that Baylands Nature Preserve is home to one of the most endangered species in California known as Ridgway’s Rail? Not only were we able to learn more about the types of species whom make these marshes their home, but we were able to experience the success in restoration that the Save The Bay team has accomplished.

Ridgway’s Rail

Salt grass
My AP Biology teammates and I first detected the latitude and longitude of each point (flags ranging from 1-5) in different locations which ranged from 1-3 feet from one another. Then, we measured the biodiversity of the area by using our quadrant to detect the certain species and numbers of species within that specific point area. Some of these species included buckwheat, sage brush, mustard (below), salt marsh, gum plant, sticky monkey bush, etc. The biodiversity, or the richness and evenness of species throughout, was calculated using Simpson’s Diversity Indexwhich used measures of integrals and summation to find the amount of species add together, the amount of species multiplied by the same amount subtracted from one, then the quotient of that value to reach the total amount of biodiversity.
Although this method sounds difficult to understand in context, the equations we were provided as well the help from the Save the Bay team was truly beneficial. The other categories we studied today, such as soil moisture, salinity, and pH were all calculated using GPS signaling, rod testing, and calibrated machines. Although these machines were helpful equipment, they were not entirely technologically reliable as my group experienced technical problems which most likely then reduced the accuracy of our results.

Nonetheless! What an awesome field trip, and I cannot believe the amount of species I learned about today, the many varieties we have in our own California backyard, and the importance of protecting this wildlife. I would definitely recommend this field trip to anyone interested in botany or even simply, ecological exploration/earth cultivation. For future field trip-goers, I would recommend to wear very sturdy shoes as the marshes are primarily on steep hills that then dip into marsh “valleys”. Also, for next time, if the equipment was fully charged and slightly more advanced then maybe our signals and results could be pinpointed exactly. But otherwise, I encourage everyone to venture to the Palo Alto Nature Preserve and don’t be afraid to dig your hands into the beautiful soil and plants that our great Earth provides!


Tuesday, April 17, 2018
Emily Clarke-The Botany of Desire
“The Botany of Desire” is a movie that we were assigned to watch over the break. It is a four part documentary that discusses the role of plants in our world, and the extent at which they use human reliance on their desirable characteristics to advantage the plants survival and reproduction as a species. It is an interesting concept to think about how even though we see ourselves as such powerful organisms on earth, by using the resources around us, we are not the only ones benefiting. Plants in some ways are actually manipulating us into continuing their existence, not that we are complaining!
The first plant discussed was the apple. Fruit in general has had amazing success in making itself desirable to humans to continue their existence through taste, and the apple may be the most successful of them all. Leading up to more recent centuries, food was not always an easy thing to find, and calories were hard to come by. Taste buds evolved with humans and other mammals to enjoy sweetness which would signal to the body that there were calories. Apples are one of the sweeter of all fruits and have used this characteristic to their advantage. With roots in central Asia, the apple has grown in many different forms since each new bud of an apple tree from an apple seed creates a new species of apples. Today, scientists have been able to recreate the kinds of apples that are the most sweet, juicy and round like Fuji apples or granny smith apples. For a while, apples were even wanted for their more bitter taste. In making cider, the more bitter apples were used and this was a popular alcoholic drink for a long time after Johnny Appleseed brought them over to the United States.

The next plant that has appealed to humans to aid their reproduction is tulips. Flowers in general are appealing to the sight and smell of humans and other organisms (bees interestingly enough have very similar taste in flowers as humans). Their bright colors, sweet smells and symmetrical design stand out to us and have many uses to us. From bouquets of flowers used as gifts, to scented products from flowers to decorations in peoples houses, and even the symbolism of certain flowers in celebrations or stories,

flowers have secured an importance in our lives. Tulips especially are incredibly diverse and uniquely beautiful. At one point in history even, a rare species of tulips led the Dutch into a time of ‘tulip mania’ ruining the financial status of many rich barrons who would buy this rare white and red speckled tulip for high prices comparative to vacation houses. Once the flower got so expensive it was almost impossible to purchase, its value came crashing down leaving the owners of the remaining flowers cheated of large amounts of money all for a flower.
Following the tulips, cannibus, commonly known as marijuana or weed was discussed. Another characteristic of plants that has become desired by humans is its intoxicating effects on the consumer. The effects it has can alter the brain’s normal processing and

intervene with remembering because of the production of a molecule called THC. This plants origins are in Mexico however it is becoming more widely known and accepted. I think that it is interesting that in the United States, marijuana consumption has been so looked down on and made illegal while alcohol is not however alcohol has very well researched and some very similar effects and marijuana was originally used as a treatment when it was brought here.
The last plant was the potato. Interestingly, potatoes in their original form were toxic to humans, however after exploring the Andes, farmers were able to find a species with a mutation that made them edible. This was an important plant for harvesting because it could survive in harsher climates than other ‘fruit-bearing’ plants, and was a plant easy enough to harvest in large amounts. When it was brought to Europe, it was easy to harvest and became a steady source of nutrition for europeans. I’m sure we can all agree that potatoes have made themselves essential to humans when we note their wide range of food products such as mashed potatoes, hash browns, french fries and more.

Wednesday, March 28, 2018
Intertidal Zones Field Trip
I was not able to attend the field trip to the intertidal zone, (I had a research paper due and a math test) but I have heard a ton of interesting stories about the field trip! One piece of scientific information that I learned was they saw tons of Turban Snails, which are very small (up to one inch!) and are usually black, purple, or brown. Turban Snails are molluscs in the class Gastropoda! The class of Gastropoda are the most diverse and usually pretty slow. Another piece I learned was that they saw TONS of limpets, which are tiny molluscs with one shell that hold onto rocks super tightly! These limpets are also from the class Gastropoda! Something else I heard as that they saw Scouring Pad Alga, which they said were very rough and dry and usually dark brown. The fourth piece I learned was that they saw and examined Stunted Turkish Towel, which is also dark brown and sometimes have wide blades and bumps. Finally, I learned that they saw Purple Sea Urchin! The Purple Sea Urchin are often rather small, only up to four inches. Also, a cool fact is that the baby Purple Sea Urchins are green!! Purple Sea Urchins are Echinoderms! I would have loved to see Purple Sea Urchin because I love colorful sea life!!
Rocky intertidal zones are right at the edge of the ocean! The intertidal zones are super diverse with tons of species of invertebrates (over 1000!). The three zones that the intertidal zone is separated into are splash zone, the high tide zone, the mid tide zone, and the low tide zone. The splash zone is rarely submerged, only splashed! The high tide zone is mostly exposed to air, this is often where limpets live! The mid tide zone has lots of organisms and often is submerged. The low tide zone is submerged a majority of the time and rarely is exposed to air. Check out the photo below for an example!

Monday, March 26, 2018
The Botany Of Desire
The Botany of Desire covered four main areas of plants and their traits: sweetness, beauty, intoxication, and control. All four of these components are seen throughout plants such as apples, cannabis, tulips and potatoes, and demonstrate their relationships with humans and manipulation.
I was fascinated by the story of the apple, and how the majority of the fruits are not naturally sweet, but bitter. The genetic diversity of each apple makes for a very slim picking- figuratively and literally- in regards to sweet apples. Each apple comes from a long line of ancestors originating back to a single tree, and although all apples have the same genes, the difference in taste and appearance comes from the individual expression of those genes in each fruit. So apples have epigenetics! Thinking about this is mindblowing, as we humans are the same way, and our epigenetics are influenced by our everyday decisions and lifestyles, which makes me wonder- what determines the epigenetics of an apple?
Tulips are seen as the pinnacle of beauty by both animals and humans, almost to the point of becoming a frenzy. The most expensive tulip bulb was sold at the same price as a townhouse on Fifth Avenue, which shows human desire for beauty- but what exactly is beauty, and who gets to determine what is considered beautiful and desirable? The bright colors and shapes of the tulips are on display all over the world, especially in the Netherlands, where the largest tulip garden resides. The human brain is attracted to the bright colors that stand out and the sweet aroma surrounding the flowers, and the attraction of this plant can somehow convince the human brain to desire what is assumed to be beauty. This raises the question of beauty applying to both humans and animals, and what stands out to pollinators in their symbiotic relationship with plants, and if there are similar factors in deciding true beauty for humans, as we do not pollinate plants or use their resources in the same way.
Taking a look at cannabis was especially interesting, as there have been many social developments around the legalization of recreational marijuana since the creation of the documentary, and I had never realized the history of the plant was so extensive. Diving deeper into the thought, the fact that a mere plant has such control over humans to alter their state of mind to a point of memory loss and even danger is mind-blowing, and something I was interested to hear about. Just as cannabis can control the human mind, humans have manipulated the plant to grow in different environments, cross breeding two types of cannabis to grow indoors and offer more product. Technology has allowed the manipulation of plants just as plants manipulate humans, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two. Thinking about how humans stumbled across this plant that contained a chemical that allowed for an alternate reality to be attained, does cannabis have the same effect on animals that may cross the path of the chemical in nature?
Potatoes are viewed in the documentary as the epitome of control, and are a great example of how humans can manipulate their crops, at the same time raising the ethical issues of genetically modified organisms, or GMO’s. Normally, people view GMO’s as a negative aspect of the agricultural world, but after the documentary and looking at the issue from a farmer’s point of view, modifying organisms has almost become a necessity in today’s world. After the Great Famine of Ireland, almost all potatoes were wiped out due to a single organism- and the same threat still exists today. A single insect, virus, or fungus has the potential or eradicating all production of a crop, which the average consumer not only relies on, but also the farmers and their families rely on as their source of income and their entire lifestyle. These people most of the time do not believe that genetically modifying their organisms is ethically correct, but in order for the plant to survive and for there to be plentiful crop, these actions must be taken. Every person has the personal choice whether or not to consume or buy GMO’s, so with that being said, how do you feel about buying GMOs? What about if the product you were purchasing and consuming had been genetically modified but you didn’t know that was the case?
Take a short Google Form on your responses and standpoint of GMOs!
The Botany of Desire was interesting to me especially because of the way the film had four separate and extraordinary stories about four ordinary crops, and found a way to tie them all together. The documentary was able to show the way over time we have manipulated these plants to benefit us, but also how, maybe even unknowingly, these plants manipulated us as humans. The Botany of Desire is a story of coevolution between some of the most interesting species on the planet, and definitely worth the watch!
I was fascinated by the story of the apple, and how the majority of the fruits are not naturally sweet, but bitter. The genetic diversity of each apple makes for a very slim picking- figuratively and literally- in regards to sweet apples. Each apple comes from a long line of ancestors originating back to a single tree, and although all apples have the same genes, the difference in taste and appearance comes from the individual expression of those genes in each fruit. So apples have epigenetics! Thinking about this is mindblowing, as we humans are the same way, and our epigenetics are influenced by our everyday decisions and lifestyles, which makes me wonder- what determines the epigenetics of an apple?
Tulips are seen as the pinnacle of beauty by both animals and humans, almost to the point of becoming a frenzy. The most expensive tulip bulb was sold at the same price as a townhouse on Fifth Avenue, which shows human desire for beauty- but what exactly is beauty, and who gets to determine what is considered beautiful and desirable? The bright colors and shapes of the tulips are on display all over the world, especially in the Netherlands, where the largest tulip garden resides. The human brain is attracted to the bright colors that stand out and the sweet aroma surrounding the flowers, and the attraction of this plant can somehow convince the human brain to desire what is assumed to be beauty. This raises the question of beauty applying to both humans and animals, and what stands out to pollinators in their symbiotic relationship with plants, and if there are similar factors in deciding true beauty for humans, as we do not pollinate plants or use their resources in the same way.
Taking a look at cannabis was especially interesting, as there have been many social developments around the legalization of recreational marijuana since the creation of the documentary, and I had never realized the history of the plant was so extensive. Diving deeper into the thought, the fact that a mere plant has such control over humans to alter their state of mind to a point of memory loss and even danger is mind-blowing, and something I was interested to hear about. Just as cannabis can control the human mind, humans have manipulated the plant to grow in different environments, cross breeding two types of cannabis to grow indoors and offer more product. Technology has allowed the manipulation of plants just as plants manipulate humans, creating a symbiotic relationship between the two. Thinking about how humans stumbled across this plant that contained a chemical that allowed for an alternate reality to be attained, does cannabis have the same effect on animals that may cross the path of the chemical in nature?
Potatoes are viewed in the documentary as the epitome of control, and are a great example of how humans can manipulate their crops, at the same time raising the ethical issues of genetically modified organisms, or GMO’s. Normally, people view GMO’s as a negative aspect of the agricultural world, but after the documentary and looking at the issue from a farmer’s point of view, modifying organisms has almost become a necessity in today’s world. After the Great Famine of Ireland, almost all potatoes were wiped out due to a single organism- and the same threat still exists today. A single insect, virus, or fungus has the potential or eradicating all production of a crop, which the average consumer not only relies on, but also the farmers and their families rely on as their source of income and their entire lifestyle. These people most of the time do not believe that genetically modifying their organisms is ethically correct, but in order for the plant to survive and for there to be plentiful crop, these actions must be taken. Every person has the personal choice whether or not to consume or buy GMO’s, so with that being said, how do you feel about buying GMOs? What about if the product you were purchasing and consuming had been genetically modified but you didn’t know that was the case?
Take a short Google Form on your responses and standpoint of GMOs!
The Botany of Desire was interesting to me especially because of the way the film had four separate and extraordinary stories about four ordinary crops, and found a way to tie them all together. The documentary was able to show the way over time we have manipulated these plants to benefit us, but also how, maybe even unknowingly, these plants manipulated us as humans. The Botany of Desire is a story of coevolution between some of the most interesting species on the planet, and definitely worth the watch!
Sunday, February 11, 2018
Talia Bertana- Epstein-Barr Virus
When I was a junior in high school, I contracted mono. I had a fever for 2 weeks straight and was too tired to get out of bed most of the time. Although sleeping the majority of the day might sounds desirable to some, it does get quite boring after a while. During my time being sick, I was actually interested by what exactly mono is, so for my virus infographic, I decided to learn all about the infection that plagues 50% of teens in the US!
What causes mono is the Epstein-Barr Virus:

EBV will insert itself into a B Cell, which is a lymphocyte responsible for producing antibodies. This virus will end up living inside its host and spreading itself through bodily fluids such as saliva. If contracted early in life, one most likely will not contract any symptoms. However, if infected in their teen years, the recipient of EBV will most likely develop mono.

Works Cited:
“9 Fascinating Mononucleosis Statistics.” HRFnd, 23 Oct. 2014, healthresearchfunding.org/9-mononucleosis-statistics/.
“50 Years of Epstein-Barr Virus.” Cancer Research UK – Science Blog, scienceblog.cancerresearchuk.org/2014/03/26/50- years-of-epstein-barr-virus/.
Carnahan, J. Epstein-Barr Virus. http://www.jillcarnahan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Epstein-Barr.jpeg.
Embe2006. “Illustration: Open Mouth.” Search Results, http://www.megapixl.com/open-mouth-illustration-40383700.
“Epstein-Barr Virus and Infectious Mono.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 14 Sept. 2016, http://www.cdc.gov/epstein-barr/about-ebv.html.
Staff, Dr. Oz. “The Secret Life of the Epstein-Barr Virus.” The Dr. Oz Show, The Dr. Oz Show, 12 Feb. 2015, http://www.doctoroz.com/article/secret-life-epstein-barr-virus.
Solan, Matthew. “Don’t Take Fatigue Lying Down.” Harvard Health Blog, 18 Apr. 2017, http://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/dont-take-fatigue-lying-2017041411485.
Thursday, February 8, 2018
Khalili - Smallpox Infographic
Smallpox Infographic
Have you ever wondered how scientists came up with the world’s first vaccine? Learn about smallpox caused by the variola virus with my infographic below!

Sources
CDC. “Smallpox.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 7 June 2016, http://www.cdc.gov/smallpox/prevention-treatment/index.html
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